電動(dòng)機(jī)能夠旋轉(zhuǎn),但運(yùn)行電流超過了額定值,稱為過載。
過載的基本反映是:電流雖然超過了額定值,但超過的幅度不大,一般也不形成較大的沖擊電流。
1、變頻器過載的主要原因
(1)機(jī)械負(fù)荷過重,負(fù)荷過重的主要特征是電動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)熱,并可從顯示屏上讀取運(yùn)行電流來發(fā)現(xiàn)。
(2)三相電壓不平衡,引起某相的運(yùn)行電流過大,導(dǎo)致過載跳閘,其特點(diǎn)是電動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)熱不均衡,從顯示屏上讀取運(yùn)行電流時(shí)不一定能發(fā)現(xiàn)(因顯示屏只顯示一 相電流)。
(3)誤動(dòng)作,變頻器內(nèi)部的電流檢測部分發(fā)生故障,檢測出的電流信號偏大,導(dǎo)致跳閘。
2、變頻器是否過載的檢查方法
(1)檢查電動(dòng)機(jī)是否發(fā)熱,如果電動(dòng)機(jī)的溫升不高,則首先應(yīng)檢查變頻器的電子熱保護(hù)功能預(yù)置得是否合理,如變頻器尚有余量,則應(yīng)放寬電子熱保護(hù)功能的預(yù)置值。
如果電動(dòng)機(jī)的溫升過高,而所出現(xiàn)的過載又屬于正常過載,則說明是電動(dòng)機(jī)的負(fù)荷過重。這時(shí),首先應(yīng)能否適當(dāng)加大傳動(dòng)比,以減輕電動(dòng)機(jī)軸上的負(fù)荷。如能夠加大,則加大傳動(dòng)比。如果傳動(dòng)比無法加大,則應(yīng)加大電動(dòng)機(jī)的容量。
(2)檢查電動(dòng)機(jī)側(cè)三相電壓是否平衡,如果電動(dòng)機(jī)側(cè)的三相電壓不平衡,則應(yīng)再檢查變頻器輸出端的三相電壓是否平衡,如也不平衡,則問題在變頻器內(nèi)部。
如變頻器輸出端的電壓平衡,則問題在從變頻器到電動(dòng)機(jī)之間的線路上,應(yīng)檢查所有接線端的螺釘是否都已擰緊,如果在變頻器和電動(dòng)機(jī)之間有接觸器或其他電器,則還應(yīng)檢查有關(guān)電器的接線端是否都已擰緊,以及觸點(diǎn)的接觸狀況是否良好等。
如果電動(dòng)機(jī)側(cè)三相電壓平衡,則應(yīng)了解跳閘時(shí)的工作頻率:
如工作頻率較低,又未用矢量控制(或無矢量控制),則首先降低U/f比,如果降低后仍能帶動(dòng)負(fù)載,則說明原來預(yù)置的U/f比過高,勵(lì)磁電流的峰值偏大,可通過降低U/f比來減小電流;如果降低后帶不動(dòng)負(fù)載了,則應(yīng)考慮加大變頻器的容量;如果變頻器具有矢量控制功能,則應(yīng)采用矢量控制方式。
1、仟億達(dá)礦用變頻器的選型注意事項(xiàng):對于風(fēng)機(jī)水泵類負(fù)載,按照電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定電壓/額定電流/額定功率,選用合適的變頻器;對于皮帶機(jī)等恒功率負(fù)載,要根據(jù)負(fù)載工況,選用與其工作特性相適應(yīng)的變頻器,如下運(yùn)皮帶機(jī)或者提升運(yùn)輸絞車,選用四象限特性的變頻器,變頻器的功率應(yīng)參考電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定電流進(jìn)行選擇,并大于電動(dòng)機(jī)一個(gè)等級,以滿足重載起動(dòng)的要求。
對于深井泵(潛水泵)負(fù)載,不同于一般的水泵負(fù)載,由于變頻器到電動(dòng)機(jī)的距離較遠(yuǎn),需要增加輸出正弦波濾波器,改善輸出電壓和電流波形,增加驅(qū)動(dòng)性能;仟億達(dá)礦用變頻器驅(qū)動(dòng)水泵負(fù)載時(shí),由于排水泵為立方特性負(fù)載,即轉(zhuǎn)速越高阻力越大,所以變頻器的啟動(dòng)時(shí)間不要太長,否則水泵會(huì)由于不能形成真空而不上水;調(diào)試中還要注意水泵的“水錘效應(yīng)”,否則損壞管路,嚴(yán)重時(shí)釀成事故。對于風(fēng)機(jī)負(fù)載,調(diào)試時(shí),要注意風(fēng)機(jī)風(fēng)葉的自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)造成變頻器的啟動(dòng)過電流,所以在調(diào)試時(shí)要增加啟動(dòng)前的直流制動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié),先使風(fēng)葉靜止,再啟動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行。
2、仟億達(dá)礦用變頻器的散熱問題:對于地面非防爆柜機(jī),注意電抗器等發(fā)熱器件與變頻器之間的匹配位置,盡量避免“循環(huán)風(fēng)”,即電抗器的熱風(fēng)進(jìn)入變頻器,這樣影響冷卻效果。對于礦用防爆變頻器,目前大多采用熱管冷卻技術(shù),也有采用水冷散熱技術(shù),散熱系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),主要根據(jù)不同的功率等級進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),同時(shí)參考仟億達(dá)礦用變頻器模塊的耗散功率參數(shù)(包括通態(tài)損耗和開關(guān)損耗)進(jìn)行計(jì)算,并留有余量,散熱效果對于變頻器的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行和壽命具有重要的影響。采用熱管散熱冷卻方式時(shí),在現(xiàn)場使用中,還應(yīng)注意安裝使用環(huán)境,變頻器應(yīng)水平放置,嚴(yán)禁“后仰”,否則影響散熱;另外還需要經(jīng)常清理散熱器表面的灰塵,否則也會(huì)影響散熱效果。
3、漏電保護(hù)問題:由于仟億達(dá)礦用變頻器的輸出電壓為PWM波,輸出電流接近于正弦波,但是輸入電流波不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的正弦波,含有相當(dāng)成分的高次諧波,因此對漏電保護(hù)系統(tǒng)造成誤動(dòng)作或者干擾檢測信號,所以常規(guī)的漏電檢測不能使用在變頻器供電回路中,應(yīng)該使用專用的漏電保護(hù)器,但是現(xiàn)在礦用饋電開關(guān)都是使用的常規(guī)漏電檢測原理,在使用變頻器后,大多造成漏電跳饋電。
目前處理的方式大多在漏電保護(hù)檢測回路并聯(lián)高壓電容,消除檢測信號中的高次諧波“毛刺”;其次可以利用優(yōu)化漏電保護(hù)參數(shù)的方式,根據(jù)30mAS(毫安秒)原則,減小漏電電流,放大漏電保護(hù)時(shí)間,使其乘積保持不變。
另外,仟億達(dá)礦用變頻器跳饋電漏電保護(hù),雖然與變頻器的電源特性有關(guān),但是與饋電開關(guān)也有關(guān)系,不同廠家饋電開關(guān)的保護(hù)整定不同,要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)說明書。有時(shí)候,饋電開關(guān)的保護(hù)插件出現(xiàn)問題,也會(huì)造成饋電跳閘,這時(shí)候往往用戶會(huì)拿我們變頻器說事,所以一定要認(rèn)真檢查,分析原因,正確處理。
在仟億達(dá)礦用變頻器的使用中,要注意良好的接地至關(guān)重要,接地線截面滿足要求,同時(shí)接地極要接地良好,接地電阻小于3歐姆,這些對于消除干擾等將會(huì)起到一定的效果。
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