電動機能夠旋轉,但運行電流超過了額定值,稱為過載。
過載的基本反映是:電流雖然超過了額定值,但超過的幅度不大,一般也不形成較大的沖擊電流。
1、變頻器過載的主要原因
(1)機械負荷過重,負荷過重的主要特征是電動機發(fā)熱,并可從顯示屏上讀取運行電流來發(fā)現(xiàn)。
(2)三相電壓不平衡,引起某相的運行電流過大,導致過載跳閘,其特點是電動機發(fā)熱不均衡,從顯示屏上讀取運行電流時不一定能發(fā)現(xiàn)(因顯示屏只顯示一 相電流)。
(3)誤動作,變頻器內部的電流檢測部分發(fā)生故障,檢測出的電流信號偏大,導致跳閘。
2、變頻器是否過載的檢查方法
(1)檢查電動機是否發(fā)熱,如果電動機的溫升不高,則首先應檢查變頻器的電子熱保護功能預置得是否合理,如變頻器尚有余量,則應放寬電子熱保護功能的預置值。
如果電動機的溫升過高,而所出現(xiàn)的過載又屬于正常過載,則說明是電動機的負荷過重。這時,首先應能否適當加大傳動比,以減輕電動機軸上的負荷。如能夠加大,則加大傳動比。如果傳動比無法加大,則應加大電動機的容量。
(2)檢查電動機側三相電壓是否平衡,如果電動機側的三相電壓不平衡,則應再檢查變頻器輸出端的三相電壓是否平衡,如也不平衡,則問題在變頻器內部。
如變頻器輸出端的電壓平衡,則問題在從變頻器到電動機之間的線路上,應檢查所有接線端的螺釘是否都已擰緊,如果在變頻器和電動機之間有接觸器或其他電器,則還應檢查有關電器的接線端是否都已擰緊,以及觸點的接觸狀況是否良好等。
如果電動機側三相電壓平衡,則應了解跳閘時的工作頻率:
如工作頻率較低,又未用矢量控制(或無矢量控制),則首先降低U/f比,如果降低后仍能帶動負載,則說明原來預置的U/f比過高,勵磁電流的峰值偏大,可通過降低U/f比來減小電流;如果降低后帶不動負載了,則應考慮加大變頻器的容量;如果變頻器具有矢量控制功能,則應采用矢量控制方式。
1、仟億達礦用變頻器的選型注意事項:對于風機水泵類負載,按照電動機的額定電壓/額定電流/額定功率,選用合適的變頻器;對于皮帶機等恒功率負載,要根據(jù)負載工況,選用與其工作特性相適應的變頻器,如下運皮帶機或者提升運輸絞車,選用四象限特性的變頻器,變頻器的功率應參考電動機的額定電流進行選擇,并大于電動機一個等級,以滿足重載起動的要求。
對于深井泵(潛水泵)負載,不同于一般的水泵負載,由于變頻器到電動機的距離較遠,需要增加輸出正弦波濾波器,改善輸出電壓和電流波形,增加驅動性能;仟億達礦用變頻器驅動水泵負載時,由于排水泵為立方特性負載,即轉速越高阻力越大,所以變頻器的啟動時間不要太長,否則水泵會由于不能形成真空而不上水;調試中還要注意水泵的“水錘效應”,否則損壞管路,嚴重時釀成事故。對于風機負載,調試時,要注意風機風葉的自由轉動造成變頻器的啟動過電流,所以在調試時要增加啟動前的直流制動環(huán)節(jié),先使風葉靜止,再啟動電動機運行。
2、仟億達礦用變頻器的散熱問題:對于地面非防爆柜機,注意電抗器等發(fā)熱器件與變頻器之間的匹配位置,盡量避免“循環(huán)風”,即電抗器的熱風進入變頻器,這樣影響冷卻效果。對于礦用防爆變頻器,目前大多采用熱管冷卻技術,也有采用水冷散熱技術,散熱系統(tǒng)設計時,主要根據(jù)不同的功率等級進行設計,同時參考仟億達礦用變頻器模塊的耗散功率參數(shù)(包括通態(tài)損耗和開關損耗)進行計算,并留有余量,散熱效果對于變頻器的穩(wěn)定運行和壽命具有重要的影響。采用熱管散熱冷卻方式時,在現(xiàn)場使用中,還應注意安裝使用環(huán)境,變頻器應水平放置,嚴禁“后仰”,否則影響散熱;另外還需要經常清理散熱器表面的灰塵,否則也會影響散熱效果。
3、漏電保護問題:由于仟億達礦用變頻器的輸出電壓為PWM波,輸出電流接近于正弦波,但是輸入電流波不是標準的正弦波,含有相當成分的高次諧波,因此對漏電保護系統(tǒng)造成誤動作或者干擾檢測信號,所以常規(guī)的漏電檢測不能使用在變頻器供電回路中,應該使用專用的漏電保護器,但是現(xiàn)在礦用饋電開關都是使用的常規(guī)漏電檢測原理,在使用變頻器后,大多造成漏電跳饋電。
目前處理的方式大多在漏電保護檢測回路并聯(lián)高壓電容,消除檢測信號中的高次諧波“毛刺”;其次可以利用優(yōu)化漏電保護參數(shù)的方式,根據(jù)30mAS(毫安秒)原則,減小漏電電流,放大漏電保護時間,使其乘積保持不變。
另外,仟億達礦用變頻器跳饋電漏電保護,雖然與變頻器的電源特性有關,但是與饋電開關也有關系,不同廠家饋電開關的保護整定不同,要認真學習說明書。有時候,饋電開關的保護插件出現(xiàn)問題,也會造成饋電跳閘,這時候往往用戶會拿我們變頻器說事,所以一定要認真檢查,分析原因,正確處理。
在仟億達礦用變頻器的使用中,要注意良好的接地至關重要,接地線截面滿足要求,同時接地極要接地良好,接地電阻小于3歐姆,這些對于消除干擾等將會起到一定的效果。
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