編碼器是一種將旋轉(zhuǎn)位移轉(zhuǎn)換成一串數(shù)字脈沖信號的旋轉(zhuǎn)式傳感器，這些脈沖能用來控制角位移，如果編碼器與齒輪條或螺旋絲杠結合在一起，也可用于測量直線位移。編碼器產(chǎn)生電信號后由數(shù)控制置CNC、可編程邏輯控制器PLC、控制系統(tǒng)等來處理。
這些傳感器主要應用在下列方面：機床、材料加工、電動機反饋系統(tǒng)以及測量和控制設備。在ELTRA編碼器中角位移的轉(zhuǎn)換采用了光電掃描原理。讀數(shù)系統(tǒng)是基于徑向分度盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)，該分度由交替的透光窗口和不透光窗口構成的。此系統(tǒng)全部用一個紅外光源垂直照射，這樣光就把盤子上的圖像投射到接收器表面上，該接收器覆蓋著一層光柵，稱為準直儀，它具有和光盤相同的窗口。
接收器的工作是感受光盤轉(zhuǎn)動所產(chǎn)生的光變化，然后將光變化轉(zhuǎn)換成相應的電變化。一般地，旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器也能得到一個速度信號，這個信號要反饋給變頻器，從而調(diào)節(jié)變頻器的輸出數(shù)據(jù)。
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