MDX88300
1.概述
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，PLC在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用越來(lái)越廣泛。PLC控制系統(tǒng)的可靠性直接影響到工業(yè)企業(yè)的安全生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行，系統(tǒng)的抗干擾能力是關(guān)系到整個(gè)系統(tǒng)可靠運(yùn)行的關(guān)鍵。自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中所使用的各種類型PLC，有的是集中安裝在控制室，有的是安裝在生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)和各電機(jī)設(shè)備上，它們大多處在強(qiáng)電電路和強(qiáng)電設(shè)備所形成的惡劣電磁環(huán)境中。要提高PLC控制系統(tǒng)可靠性，設(shè)計(jì)人員只有預(yù)先了解各種干擾才能有效保證系統(tǒng)可靠運(yùn)行。
2.電磁干擾源及對(duì)系統(tǒng)的干擾是什么？
影響PLC控制系統(tǒng)的干擾源于一般影響工業(yè)控制設(shè)備的干擾源一樣，大都產(chǎn)生在電流或電壓劇烈變化的部位，這些電荷劇烈移動(dòng)的部位就是噪聲源，即干擾源。
干擾類型通常按干擾產(chǎn)生的原因、噪聲的干擾模式和噪聲的波形性質(zhì)的不同劃分。其中：按噪聲產(chǎn)生的原因不同，分為放電噪聲、浪涌噪聲、高頻振蕩噪聲等；按噪聲的波形、性質(zhì)不同，分為持續(xù)噪聲、偶發(fā)噪聲等；按聲音干擾模式不同，分為共模干擾和差模干擾。共模干擾和差模干擾是一種比較常用的分類方法。共模干擾是信號(hào)對(duì)地面的電位差，主要由電網(wǎng)串入、地電位差及空間電磁輻射在信號(hào)線上感應(yīng)的共態(tài)（同方向）電壓送加所形成。共模電壓有時(shí)較大，特別是采用隔離性能差的電器供電室，變送器輸出信號(hào)的共模電壓普遍較高，有的可高達(dá)130V以上。共模電壓通過(guò)不對(duì)稱電路可轉(zhuǎn)換成差模電壓，直接影響測(cè)控信號(hào)，造成元器件損壞（這就是一些系統(tǒng)I/O模件損壞率較高的原因），這種共模干擾可為直流、亦可為交流。差模干擾是指用于信號(hào)兩極間得干擾電壓，主要由空間電磁場(chǎng)在信號(hào)間耦合感應(yīng)及由不平衡電路轉(zhuǎn)換共模干擾所形成的電壓，這種讓直接疊加在信號(hào)上，直接影響測(cè)量與控制精度。
（5）來(lái)自接地系統(tǒng)混亂時(shí)的干擾
接地是提高電子設(shè)備電磁兼容性（EMC）的有效手段之一。正確的接地，既能抑制電磁干擾的影響，又能抑制設(shè)備向外發(fā)出干擾；而錯(cuò)誤的接地，反而會(huì)引入嚴(yán)重的干擾信號(hào)，使PLC系統(tǒng)將無(wú)法正常工作。PLC控制系統(tǒng)的地線包括系統(tǒng)地、屏蔽地、交流地和保護(hù)地等。接地系統(tǒng)混亂對(duì)PLC系統(tǒng)的干擾主要是各個(gè)接地點(diǎn)電位分布不均，不同接地點(diǎn)間存在地電位差，引起地環(huán)路電流，影響系統(tǒng)正常工作。例如電纜屏蔽層必須一點(diǎn)接地，如果電纜屏蔽層兩端A、B都接地，就存在地電位差，有電流流過(guò)屏蔽層，當(dāng)發(fā)生異常狀態(tài)加雷擊時(shí)，地線電流將更大。
此外，屏蔽層、接地線和大地有可能構(gòu)成閉合環(huán)路，在變化磁場(chǎng)的作用下，屏蔽層內(nèi)有會(huì)出現(xiàn)感應(yīng)電流，通過(guò)屏蔽層與芯線之間的耦合，干擾信號(hào)回路。若系統(tǒng)地與其它接地處理混亂，所產(chǎn)生的地環(huán)流可能在地線上產(chǎn)生不等電位分布，影響PLC內(nèi)邏輯電路和模擬電路的正常工作。PLC工作的邏輯電壓干擾容限較低，邏輯地電位的分布干擾容易影響PLC的邏輯運(yùn)算和數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)，造成數(shù)據(jù)混亂、程序跑飛或死機(jī)。模擬地電位的分布將導(dǎo)致測(cè)量精度下降，引起對(duì)信號(hào)測(cè)控的嚴(yán)重失真和誤動(dòng)作。
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